Traffic Jam in Dhaka City

EXAMINATION OF PROFITABILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF BANGLADESH BANKING attention Nadim Jahangir, Shubhankar Shill2 and Md. Amlan Jahid Haque3 Abstract Loans ar the bumpiest asset of a camber, bargonly these loans play a pivotal constituent in depository financial institutions positivity. wedges favorableness depends on the endpoints of some parameters and among them shore b Re daily round on Equity, Market surface, Market Concentration Index, and buzzword RiskMeasure are widely utilise and the same are investigated in the Bangladesh Banking pains in this case for a period of the last six years. The entropy comes from the annual reports of individual banks listed in Dhaka StockExchange (DSE) and from the Bangladesh bankb published statistics book (Scheduled Banks Statistics). coefficient of correlation matrix and stepwise regression have been used for the purpose of data compendium. The analysisfinds that mart soaking up and bank b peril do dwarfish to explain ba nk b turn in on truth, whereas bankb grocery store place surface of it is the and variable providing an explanation for banks exceed on law in the context of Bangladesh. Introduction The tmhtional beak of positivitythrough stockholders equity is quite different in banking exertion ffom any other firmament ofbusiness, where loan-to- trust ratio works as a very good ndicator ofbanks profitabiJity as it depicts the status of asset-liabilitymanagement ofbanks. But banks risk is non only associated with this asset- liability management merely as well relate to appendage opportunity. Smooth growth insures high approaching topics to holders and there lies the profitability which means not only current profits but future snuff its as well. So, market size and market absorption index along with bring around to equity and loan-to-deposit ratio seize the attention of analyzing the banks profitability. The banking labor of Bangladesh is a mixed one comprising nationali zed, private and foreign ommercial banks. Many efforts have been make to explain the mathematical operation of these banks. Understanding the performance ofbanks requires k this instantledge about the profitability and the relationshps between variables like market size, banks risk and banks market size with profitability. Indeed, the performance evaluation of mercenary banks is especially consequential today because of the fierce competition. The banking (1) Dr. Nadim Jahangir (Associate Professor) holds a Ph. D. in Management from Australian Catholic University and now is teachmg in the nonsymbiotic University of Bangladesh. (2) Shubhankar Shill (Lecturer) holds Master stagecoach in Finance from Dhaka University (Bangladesh) and now is teaching in the School of Business, unconditional University of Bangladesh. (3) Md. Arnlan Jahid Haque (Lecturer) holds a Master degree in Management from Rajshahi University (Bangladesh) and now is teaching in the School of Business, Independ ent University of Bangladesh. 36 ABAC Journal Vol. 27, No. 2 (May August, 2007, pp. 36 46) Examination of PI .ofitability in the Context ofBangladesh Banking Indusqr industry is experiencing major transition for the last twain decades. It is becoming imperative for banks to endure the pressure arising from oth internal and external movers and register to be profitable. Until early 1985, Bangladesh had a highlyrepressed fiscal sector (Chowhdury, 2002). Banks and other financial institutions were overflowingy owned by the government. In the early part of 1980, Bangladesh entered into the IMF and homo Bank adjustment programs and the process of privatization and liberalization gained momentum under the enchant ofthe World Bank and the IMF. Since then the banking industry of Bangladesh has become an attractive strand for both domestic and foreign investors to take part in the game. It is of point importance that these layers prove themselves profitable. Andrews (1975) noted th at it is essential to understand the strategies to achieve greater profitability. In line with this, the current study makes an effort to unearth those pillars which are major constituents of strategies and goals. This paper intends to analyze the importance of internal and external factors for banks die on equity. Specifically, the purpose of the study is to closely examine the family relationships of banks market concentration, market size, and banks risk with return on equity. The intention is to decide which amongst the potential determinants have the appearance _or_ semblance to be mportant. Hassan, Khan, and Haque, (1 995) previously examined banks profitability considering monetary affect and concentration in context of Bangladesh. However Fraser, Philips, and Rose (1974) stated that performance of commercial banks should not be measured by a single proxy but by a set of variables which are jointly determined by market structure, demand, and other factors. Therefore, the c urrent study aims to propose and examine a model incorporating banks market concentration, banks market size, banks risk, and identify the relationships of these variables with banks return on equity in context f Bangladesh. Literature Review Market Size Cravens (2000) elaborated that, market size is usually measured by currency, gross sales andlor unit sales for any production market and also in specified time period other size measuring stick allow in the number of buyers average purchase quantity, frequency of purchase for any product oriented market. As a result the key measures of market size are market potential, sales forecast, and market share. In another study on banking reformation Thorsten and Ross (2002) measured the market size ofbanks against the GDP and to measure bank size, Thorsten and Ross (2002) used bank credit to he private sector as a share of GDP. Demirguc-Kunt and Maksimovic (2002) suggested that the extent to whichvarious financial, legal, and other fac tors (e. g. corruption) affect bank profitability is closely linked to size. In addition, as Short (1 979) argued, size is closely related to the capital adequacy of a bank since comparatively banks tend to raise less expensive capital and, hence, appear much profitable. Luthria and Dhar (2005) defined market size as the scale of economic employment over which agents fundament contact. They tried to measure market size or space by national borders. Large space creates the potential or reaping economies of scale and the scope for specialization as well. It requires specific investments in natural and human capital, as well as marketing channels, constrained by slow- moving economic activity. Market Concentration The concentration aspect is peculiarly important for the transition economies and it has been very commonly used as the measurement of Nadim Jrrhangir. Shubhankar ShiN and 1Mn. Amlan Jahid Haque profitability ofbanlung industry. Atbanasoglou, Brissims, and Delis (2005) a rgue that banking systems are highly concentrated, with little judicial separation between central and commercial banking ctivities in order to facilitate the banks role in the planning process. Ahighly concentrated banking sector results in market office staff for the banks. As opposed to perfect competition, banks having monopoly power would lead to an equilibrium characterized by higher(prenominal) loan costs and a smaller quantity of loanable hnds (Cetorelli & Gambera, 2001). jibe to Alzaidanin (2003) when a large share of the business of a given industry is controlled by few large firms or concentrated in a few pockets the situation is usually termed as a slate ofconcentration. However, Deidda and Fattouh (2002) showed theoretically as well as mpirically that the relationship between banking concentration and return on equity depended on the level of economic development. more than specifically, banking concentration had an adverse impact on return on equity only in low inc ome countries. For high income countries, there was no prodigious order between the dickens variables. Additionally, Beck, Maksimovic, and Vojislav (2003) imbed that this rear is especially strong if a state has a weak legal system, high level ofcorruption and a low level ofeconomic and financial development. Since these factors are true for at least some of the economies under consideration, ne would expect low banking concentration to nurse return on equity. Bank Risk According to Allen (1 997), banks tend to cogitate on areas where they believe they have a comparative advantage to ontogeny efficiency in making loans. This approach makes banks give attention to geographic, industry specific demographics, and other market characteristics to operate. Calomiris and Karceski (1 998) noted that diversification and different levels ofriskyness is the result ofdifferences crossways banks in the scale oftheir operations. As economic conditions vary across different regions and i ndustrial sectors, therefore ank riskyness and return on equity also vary across different regions. Gerlach, Peng, and Shu (2004) took a different approach in defining Banks risk. Poor management qualities in inefficient institutions have a tendency to cany higher risk (credit risk, operational risk, & liquidity). The credit risk on any individual loan can be broken overcome into two components, the probability that the borrower will default, and the losses incurred in the event ofdefault. In an earlier study on asset shade of commercial banks Stafon (2000) found that bank return on equity driven mainly by changes in Net Interest Margins NIMs) and loan provision which in turn were determined by asset lineament. However, Greusning and Bratanovic (2003) revealed that return on equity is a revealing indicator of a banks militant position in banking markets and of the quality of its management. The authors further elaborated that the income statement ofa bank is a key offset of inf ormation on a banks return on equity, reveals the sources ofa banks earning and their quantity and quality as well as the quality of the banks loan portfolio and the focus of its expenditures. relationship between market concentration and banks return on ecjuitv The mpirical findings on the relationship between market concentration and return on equity are as diverse as the theoretical underpinnings. Parsley and Wei (1 985) found that juvenility firrns in concentrated markets buzz off more credits than in competitive markets, with no difference for older firms, which results in a positive effect on return on equity. In contrast, Examination of Profitability in the Context of Bangladesh Banking Indust, Cetorelli and Gambera (2001) concluded that banking concentration leads to an overall depressing effect on return on equity. The authors suggest that increased competition (thus less oncentration) causes a rise in entrepreneurship and thus a higher rate of naked as a jaybird firm cr eation. Very convincing is the recent work of Deidda and Fattouh (2002) showing theoretically as well as empirically that the relationship between banking concentration and return on equity depends on the level of economic development. More specifically, banking concentration has an adverse impact on ROE only in low income countries. For hlgh income countries, there is no large effect between the two variables. Therefore, the following surmise can be proposed Hypotheis1 There is a significant relationship between Banks arket concentration and Banks return on equity of commercial banks in Bangladesh. Relationship between market size and banks return on equity Shepherd (1972) mentioned a positive relation between the market size and return on equity. Such a nature ofrelationship continues to receive a great deal of attention. Seedier and Gee (1 96 1) suggested that the variability ofthe growth rate ofbank assets declines with the market size. Demerguq- Kunt and Huizinga (2001) note d that growth ofmarket size, in contrast, is positively and importantly related to profit growth. Again by following the same travel guidebook of Smirlock (1 985),Alzaidanin (2003) mentioned a positive and significant relationship between banks size and banks return on equity based on product differentiations. Therefore, the following hypothesis can be proposed Hypothesis 2 There is a significant relationship between Banks market size and Banks retum on equity of commercial banks in Bangladesh. Relationship between banks risk and banks return on equity Gizycki (2001) stated that even though return on equity is influenced by banks credit risk, the relationship between the two is not straightforward. Movements in the retum on assets will reflect not just credit risk, ut the full range of risks, including banks exposures to movements in interest rates and exchange rates, liquidity risk and operational risks. Moreover, banks return on equity reflects not just risk-pickings, but also ot her factors such as the mix ofon and offbalance sheet business, operating efficiency, the level of competition within the banking market, and regulatory constraints. Banks earn higher returns by taking on riskier business, this will boost the return on equity. However, if a bank experiences losses beyond what it had provisioned for, such losses will sign up return on equity. Bourke (1 989) reports hat the effect of credit risk on retum on equity appears clearlynegative. This result may be explained by taking into account the fact that the more financial institutions are exposed to high- risk loans, the higher is the accumulation ofunpaid loans, implying that these loan losses have produced lower returns to umteen commercial banks. Therefore, the following hypothesis can be proposed Hypothesis 3 There is a significant relationship between Banks risk and Banks return on equity of commercial banks in Bangladesh. Conceptual framework It is proposed that banks market concentration, ban ks market size, and anks risk are important in the context oftheir relationships with banks return on equity. Based on the preceding literature review, the following framework was proposed. Nadim Jahangir, Shubhankar Shill and Md. Amlan Jahid Haque The conceptual Mework (figure 1) depicts sample size is trimmed down to 15 because of the measured variables and their relationships in inaccessibility of data. To run the analysis data the donation study. fiom the year 2000 to 2005 data were used. Measures Methodology Research setting To calculate profitability of selected banks, the following ratios were used Only the listed banks n the Dhaka Stock . Banks return on equity (ROE) = Exchange were selected for this study. The Net Income / Total Equity researchers serene secondary data from the annual reports of these banks. Market size= Individual banks deposit / Total banks deposit Srrrlpliilg nlethod Market Concentration index = Market size Currently the Dhaka Stock Exchange has 23 lis ted banks. Therefore, the researchers have . Bank Risk Measure = selected 23 banks in Bangladesh. However, the Banks resume loan / total deposit Bds Market Concentration Banks Market Size. Bds Risk Banks Return on Equity Figre1 ConceptrlFramework of proposed variables and their relationshps. Examination of Profitability in the Context of Bangladesh Banking Industry The relevant reasons and credentials behind the above measures ofprofitability ofbanks are as follows According to Al-Shamrnari M. and Salirni A. (1 998) profitability ratio especially ROE signals the earning capability of the organization. They also suggest that higher return on equity (ROE) ratio is appreciable as it is the first-string indicator ofbanks profitability and functional efficiency. Besides that the authors pointed out that higher liquidityratio pulls cogency of peration up. Thus, fiom their view it can be stated that bank risk can be offset through lower loan-to-deposit ratio. For bank, the capital suff iciency is important to fiu-ther growth as well as profitability. Conversely, more loans derive higher credit risk, higher rate of nonperforming loans, and lower return on asset as well as equity. They provided a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to explore the financial position ofcommercial banks in Jordan. Therefore, ROE is used here to measure the profitabilitywhich is the most sought after measure among all. Philippatos andYildlrim (2007) recommended that the arket draw and profitability has a positive relationship in the context of monopolistic banking business. Force of lending can pull up through increase efficiency of own capital and competency. However, earlier in 1977, Heggestad explained that if the individual bank has higher market share it is sure to enjoy monopoly which helps the bank to stay market concentration and reduce risk. The ultimate result is the increase ofreturn on equity (ROE). He also said that risk is a fimdamental factor in pulling up profit. But , market size diverts risk hm business and confirms smooth growth and secured ROE.